Section 3. Literature Cited

• Abrams M. M. and Jarrell W. M. (1992) Bioavailability index for phosphorous using ion-exchange resin impregnated membranes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 56(5), 1532-1537.

• Aiken G., McKnight D., Harnish R., and Wershaw R. (1996) Geochemistry of aquatic humic substances in the Lake Fryxell Basin, Antarctica. Biogeochemistry 34, 157-188.

• Alger A. S., McKnight D. M., Spaulding S. A., Tate C. M., Shupe G. H., Welch K. A., Edwards R., Andrews E. D., and House H. R. (1997) Ecological Processes in a Cold Desert Ecosystem: The Abundance and Species Distribtuon ofAlgal Mats in Glacial Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Occasional Paper No. 51. University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.

• Andersen D. W., Wharton Jr. R. A., and Squyres S. W. (1993) Terrigenous clastic sedimentation in Antarctic Dry Valley Lakes. In Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes, Vol. 59 (ed. W. J. Green and E. I. Friedmann), pp. 71-82. American Geophysical Union.

• Bamforth S. S. (1991) Enumeration of soil ciliate active forms and cysts by a direct count method. Argric. Ecosyst. Environ. 34, 209-212.

• Bamforth S. S. (1995) Isolating and counting of protozoa. In Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry (ed. K. Alef and P. Nannipieri), pp. 174-180. Harcourt Brace.

• Bamforth S. S., Freckman D. W., and Virginia R. A. (1996) Amoebae biodiversity in the Antarctic Dry Valley Soils. Conference Proceedings from Seventh International Conference on Small Freeliving Amoebae. Adelaide, Australia.

• Bargagli R., Wynn-Williams D., Bersan F., Cavacini P., Ertz S., Frati F., Freckman D. W., Lewis-Smith R., Russell N., and Smith A. (1997) Field Report BIOTEX I: First BIOTAS Expedition (Edmonson Point-Bais Terra Nova, Dec 10, 1995-Feb 6, 1996). In Newsletter for the Italian Biological Research in Antarctica (ed. M. Tamburrini and R. D'Avino). Universita degli Studi di Camerino, Gennaio, Italy.

• Berner R. A. (1995) Chemical weathering and its effect on atmospheric CO2 and climate. In Chemical Weathering Rates of Silicate Minerals (ed. A. F. White and S. L. Brantley). Mineralogical Society of America.

• Bloem J., Bolhuis P. R., Vininga R. M., and Wierenga J. (1995) Microscopic methods to estimate the biomass and activity of sil bacteria and fungi. In Methods in Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry (ed. K. Alef and P. Nannipieri), pp. 162-174. Academic Press.

• Bockheim J. G. (1982) Properties of a chronosequence of ultraxerous soils in the Trans-Antarctic Mountains. Geoderma 28, 239-255.

• Bockheim J. G. (1997) Properties and classification of cold desert soils from Antarctica. Soil Science Society of America Journal J. 61, 224-231.

• Bongers T. (1990) The maturity index: an ecological measure of environmental disturbance based on nematode species composition. Oecologia 83, 14-19.

• Bormann P. and Fritzsche D. (1995) The Schirmacher Oasis, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica, and its surroundings, 448 pp. Perthes.

• Borsheim K. Y. and Bratbeck G. (1987) Cell volume to carbon conversion factors for a bactivorous Monas sp. enriched from seawater. Marine Ecology Progress Series 36, 171-175.

• Bromley A. M. (1985) Weather observations, Wright Valley, Antarctica. In Inform. Publ., Vol. 11, 37 pp. New Zealand Meteorological Service.

• Brooks P. D., Williams M. W., Walker D. A., and Schmidt S. K. (1995) The Niwot Ridge snow fence experiment: Biogeochemical responses to changes in the seasonal snowpack. In Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow Covered Basins, Vol. 228 (ed. K. A. Tonnessen, M. W. Williams, and M. Tranter), pp. 293-302. International Association of Hydrological Sciences.

• Brown E. T., Edmond J. M., Raisbeck G. M., Yiou F., Kurz M. D., and Brook E. J. (1991) Examination of surface exposure ages of Antarctic moraines using in situ produced 10Be and 26Al. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 2269-2283.

• Brown M. J., Virginia R. A., and Chamberlain C. P. (1996) Sources and distribution of abundance of organic matter in the Dry Valley soils of Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, 77, 5.

• Brussaard L., Behan-Pelletier V. M., Bignell D. E., Brown V. K., Wim A. M. D., Folgarait P. J., Fragoso C., Freckman D. W., Gupta V. V. S. R., Hattori T., Hawksworth D., Klopatek C., Lavelle P., Malloch D., Rusek J., Soderstrom B., Tiedje J. M., and Virginia R. A. (1997) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in soil. Ambio 26(8), 563-570.

• Burkins M. B., Chamberlain C. P., Virginia R. A., and Freckman. D. W. (in press) The natural abundance of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in potential sources of organic matter to soils of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the United States.

• Burkins M. B., Virginia R. A., Chamberlain C. P., and Freckman D. W. (1997) Carbon cycling in the soils of the McMurdo Dry Valley region, Antarctica. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting, Albuquerque, NM.

• Cameron R. E. and Conrow H. P. (1969) Soil moisture, relative humidity, and microbial abundance in Dry Valleys of Southern Victoria Land. Antarctic Journal of the United States 4, 23-28.

• Campbell I. B. and Claridge G. G. C. (1987) Antarctica: soils, weathering processes and environment, 368 pp. Elsevier.

• Campbell I. B., Claridge G. G. C., Campbell D. I., and Balks M. R. (1998) The soil environment. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 297-322. American Geophysical Union.

• Campbell J. E. (1990) Dielectric-properties and influence of conductivity in soils at one to 50 megahertz. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54(2), 332-341.

• Carpenter S. R. (1988) Complex Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer-Verlag.

• Cauwet G. and Sidorov I. (1996) The biogeochemistry of Lena River: organic carbon and nutrients distribution. Marine Chemistry 53, 211-227.

• Cavigelli M. A., Robertson G. P., and Klug M. J. (1995) Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as measures of soil microbial community structure. In The Significance and Regulation of Soil Biodiversity (ed. H. P. Collins, G. P. Robertson, and M. J. Klug), pp. 99-113. Kluwer Publishing.

• Chen L. T. A. and Drake E. T. (1986) Carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere and oceans and possible effects on climate. Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science 14, 201-235.

• Chinn T. J. H. (1993) Physical hydrology of the dry valley lakes. In Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes, (ed. W. Green and E. I. Friedmann), pp. 1-52. American Geophysical Union.

• Connin S. L., Virginia R. A., and Chamberlain C. P. (1997 a) Carbon isotopes reveal soil organic matter dynamics following arid land shrub expansion. Oecologia 110, 374-386.

• Connin S. L., Virginia R. A., and Chamberlain C. P. (1997 b) Isotopic study of environmental change from disseminated carbonate in polygenetic soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 61, 1710-1722.

• Conovitz P. A., McKnight D. M., MacDonald L. H., Fountain A. G., and House H. R. (1998) Hydrologic processes influencing streamflow variation in Fryxell Basin, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 93-108. American Geophysical Union.

• Courtright E. M., Freckman D. W., Powers L. E., Ho M., and Virginia R. A. (in press) McMurdo LTER: Genetic diversity of soil nematodes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the United States.

• Dana G. L., Wharton Jr. R. A., and Dubayah R. (1998) Solar Radiation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 39-64. American Geophysical Union.

• Davis W. S. (1998) Spatial-temporal patterns of primary production in phytoplankton communities of Taylor Valley lakes, Antartica: A modelling synthesis. Master's Thesis, Texas Tech University.

• del Giorgio P. A., Cole J. J., and Cimbleris A. (1997) Respiration rates in bacteria exceed phytoplankton production in unproductive aquatic systems. Nature 385, 148-151.

• Denton G. H., Bockheim J. G., Wilson S. C., and Stuiver M. (1989) Late Wisconsin and Early Holocene glacial history, Inner Ross Embayment, Antarctica. Quaternary Research 31, 151-182.

• Doran P. T. (1996) Paleolimnology of Perennially Ice-Covered Antarctic Oasis Lakes. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Nevada, Reno.

• Doran P. T., Berger G., Wharton Jr. R. A., Lyons W. B., Davisson L., Southon J., and Dibb J. (in review) Dating Quaternary lacustrine sediments on the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Palaeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.

• Doran P. T., Dana G. L., Hastings J. T., and Wharton Jr. R. A. (1995) The McMurdo LTER Automatic Weather Network (LAWN). Antarctic Journal of the United States 30(5), 276-280.

• Doran P. T., Wharton Jr. R. A., and Lyons W. B. (1994) Paleolimnology of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Journal of Paleolimnology 10, 85-114.

• Finlay B. J., Laybourn J., and Strachan I. (1979) A technique for the enumeration of benthic ciliated protozoa. Oecologia 39, 375-377.

• Fountain A. G., Dana G. L., Lewis K. J., Vaughn B. H., and McKnight D. M. (1998) Glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 65-76. American Geophysical Union.

• Fountain A. G., Lewis K. J., Dana G. L., and Doran P. T. (in review) Spatial variation in glacier mass balances, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Global and Planetary Change.

• Freckman D. W. (1982) Parameters of the nematode contribution to ecosystems. In Nematodes in Soil Ecosystems, Vol. 23 (ed. D. W. Freckman), pp. 81-97. University of Texas Press.

• Freckman D. W. (1988) Bacterivorous nematodes and organic matter decomposition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 24, 195-218.

• Freckman D. W. (1994) Life in the soil. Soil biodiversity: its importance to ecosystem processes. Report of a Workshop held at The Natural History Museum, London, England. 26 pp.

• Freckman D. W., Blackburn T. H., Brussaard L., Hutchings P., Palmer M. A., and Snelgrove P. V. R. (1997) Linking biodiversity and ecosystem functioning of soils and sediments. Ambio 26(8), 556-562.

• Freckman D. W. and Caswell E. P. (1985) Ecology of nematodes in agroecosystems. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 23, 275-296.

• Freckman D. W. and Virginia R. A. (1991) Nematodes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the United States 26, 233-234.

• Freckman D. W. and Virginia R. A. (1993) Extraction of nematodes from Dry Valley Antarctic soils. Polar Biology 13, 483-487.

• Freckman D. W. and Virginia R. A. (1997) Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance. Ecology 78(2), 363-369.

• Freckman D. W. and Virginia R. A. (1998) Soil Biodiversity and Community Structure in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 323-335. American Geophysical Union.

• Gordeev V. V., Martin J. M., Sidorov I. S., and Sidorova M. V. (1996) A reassessment of the Eurasian River input of water, sediment, major elements, and nutrients to the Arctic Ocean. American Journal of Science 296, 664-691.

• Green W. J. and Friedmann E. I. (1993) Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes. In Antarctic Research Series, 216 pp. American Geophysical Union.

• Hawes I. and Howard-Williams C. (1998) Primary production processes in streams of the McMurdo Dry Valley region, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 129-140. American Geophysical Union.

• Hendrix P. F., Parmelee R. W., Crossley Jr. D. A., Coleman D. C., Odum E. P., and Groffman P. M. (1986) Detritus food webs in conventional and non-tillage agroecosystems. BioScience 36, 374-380.

• Ho M., Virginia R. A., Powers L. E., and Freckman D. W. (1995) Soil chemistry along a glacial chronosequence on Andrews Ridge, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Antarctic Journal of the United States 30, 310-311.

• Howard-Williams C., Schwarz A.-M., Hawes I., and Priscu J. C. (1998) Optical Properties of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 189-204. American Geophysical Union.

• Hunt H. W., Coleman D. C., Ingham E. R., Ingham R. E., Elliott E. T., Moore J. C., Rose S. L., Reid C. P. P., and Morley C. R. (1987) The detrital food web in a short grass prairie. Biol. Fertil. Soils 3, 57-68.

• Hunt H. W., Elliott E. T., and Walter D. E. (1989) Inferring trophic transfers from pulse-dynamics in detrital food webs. Plant and Soil 115, 247-259.

• Ingersoll T., Seastedt R., and Hartman M. (1997) Computers in biology: A model information management system for ecological research. Bioscience 47(5), 310-316.

• James M., Hall J. A., and Laybourn-Parry J. (1998) Protozooplankton and microzooplankton ecology in lakes of the dry valleys, southern Victoria Land. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 255-268. American Geophysical Union.

• Kennedy A. D. (1993) Water as a limiting factor in the Antarctic terrestrial environment: a biogeographical synthesis. Arctic and Alpine Research 25, 308-315.

• Kepner Jr. R. L., Galchenko V., and Wharton Jr. R. A. (1997) The abundance of planktonic virus-like particles in antarctic lakes. In Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes (ed. W. B. Lyons, C. Howard-Williams, and I. Hawes), pp. 241-250. Balkema Press.

• Keys J. R. and Williams K. (1981) Origin of crystalline, cold desert salts in the McMurdo region, Antarctica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 45, 2299-2309.

• Lawrence M. J. F. and Hendy C. H. (1985) Water column and sediment characteristics of Lake Fryxell, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 28, 543-552.

• Laybourn-Parry J., James M., McKnight D., Priscu J., Spaulding S., and Shiel R. (1997) The microbial plankton of Lake Fryxell, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica, during the summers of 1992 and 1994. Polar Biology 17, 54-61.

• Lewis K. L., Fountain A. G., and Langevin P. (in press a) The role of terminus cliff melt in the hydrological cycle, Taylor Valley, Antartica. Antarctic Journal of the United States.

• Lewis K. L., Fountain A. G., and Dana G. L. (in press b) Surface energy balance and meltwater production for a dry valley glacier, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Annals of Glaciology.

• Little D., Farrell E., and Collins J. (1997) Land-use legacies and soil development in semi-natural ecosystems in the marginal uplands of Ireland. Catena 30, 83-98.

• Lizotte M. P. and Priscu J. C. (1992) Photosynthesis-irradiance relationships in phytoplankton from the physically stable water column of a perennially ice-covered lake (Lake Bonney, Antarctica). Journal of Phycology 28, 179-185.

• Lizotte M. P. and Priscu J. C. (1998) Distribution, Succession and Fate of Phytoplankton in the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes of Antarctica, based on Pigment Analysis. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 229-240. American Geophysical Union.

• Lizotte M. P., Sharp T. R., and Priscu J. C. (1996) Phytoplankton dynamics in the stratified water column of Lake Bonney, Antarctica. I. Biomass and productivity during the winter-spring transition. Polar Biology 16, 155-162.

• Ludwig W. and Probst J.-L. (1996) Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10(1), 23-41.

• Lyons W. B., Tyler S. W., Wharton Jr. R. A., McKnight D. M., and Vaughn B. H. (in review a) A Late Holocene Desiccation of Lake Hoare and Lake Fryxell, Dry Valleys Antarctica, Derived from Lacustrine Isotope Data. Antarctic Science.

• Lyons W. B., Fountain A. G., Doran P. T., Priscu J. C., and Neumann K. (in review b) The importance of landscape position and legacy: the evolution of the Taylor Valley District, Antarctica. Freshwater Biology.

• Lyons W. B., Welch K. A., and Sharma P. (in press) Chlorine-36 in the waters of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica: Revisited. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta..

• Lyons W. B., Welch K. A., Neumann K., Toxey J. K., McArthur R., Williams C., McKnight D. M., and Moorhead D. (1998) Geochemical Linkages Among Glaciers, Streams and Lakes Within the Taylor Valley, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 77-92. American Geophysical Union.

• Lyons W. B., Mayewski P. A., Bartek L. R., and Doran P. T. (1997 a) Climate history of the McMurdo Dry Valleys since the last glacial maximum: A Synthesis. In Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes (ed. W. B. Lyons, C. Howard-Williams, and I. Hawes), pp. 15-22. Balkema Press.

• Lyons W. B., Welch K. A., Nezat C. A., McKnight D. M., Crick K., Toxey J. K., and Mastrine J. A. (1997 b) Chemical weathering rates and reactions in the Lake Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley: comparison to temperate river basins. In Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-free Landscapes (ed. W. B. Lyons, C. Howard-Williams, and I. Hawes), pp. 147-154. Balkema Press.

• Lyons W. B. and Welch K. A. (1997) Lithium in the waters of a polar desert. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61(20), 4309-4319.

• Marchant D. R., Denton G. H., and Swisher III C. C. (1993) Miocene-Pliocene-Pleistocene glacial history of Arena Valley, Quartermain Mountains, Antarctica. Geografiska Annaler 75A, 269-300.

• Marion G. M., Henry G. H. R., Freckman D. W., Jones G., Jones M. H., Molau U., Molgaard P., Parsons A. N., Svoboda J., and Virginia R. A. (1997) Open-top designs for manipulating field temperature in high-latitude ecosystems. Global Change Biology 2(Suppl. 1), 20-32.

• Matsubaya O., Sakai H., Torii T., Burton H., and Kerry K. (1979) Antarctic saline lakes-stable isotopic ratios, chemical compositions and evolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 7-25.

• May R. M. (1974) Biological populations with non-overlapping generations: Stable points, stable cycles, and chaos. Science 186, 645-647.

• McDowell W. H. and Asbury C. E. (1994) Export of carbon, nitrogen, and major ions from three tropical montane watersheds. Limnology and Oceanography 39(1), 111-125.

• McKnight D. M., Runkel R., Duff J., Tate C. M., and Moorhead D. L. (in review a) Nutrient uptake by algal mats in Antarctic glacial meltwater streams. In USGS review for submission to Journal of the North American Benthological Society.

• McKnight D. M., Tate C. M., and Nyogi D. K. (in review b) Cryogenic preservation of cyanobacterial mats in an Antarctic stream. In USGS review for submission to Science.

• McKnight D. M., Alger A., Tate C. M., Shupe G., and Spaulding S. (1998) Longitudinal Patterns in Algal Abundance and Species Distributon in Meltwater Streams in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 109-128. American Geophysical Union.

• McKnight D. M. and Tate C. M. (1997) Canada Stream: a glacial meltwater stream in Taylor Valley, South Victoria Land, Antarctica. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16(1), 14-17.

• McKnight D. M., Aiken G. R., Andrews E. D., Bowles E. C., and Harnish R. A. (1993) Dissolved organic material in dry valley lakes: A comparison of Lake Fryxell, Lake Hoare, and Lake Vanda. In Physical and Biogeochemical Processes in Antarctic Lakes, (ed. W. J. Green and E. I. Friedmann), pp. 119-133. American Geophysical Union.

• McKnight D. M., Aiken G. R., and Smith R. L. (1991) Aquatic fulvic acids in microbially-based ecosystems: Results from two Antarctic desert lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 36, 998-1006.

• McManus G. B. (1993) Growth rates of natural populations of heterotrophic nanoplankton. In Handbook of Methods in Aquatic Microbial Ecology (ed. P. F. Kemp, B. F. Sherr, E. B. Sherr, and J. J. Cole), pp. 695-701. Lewis Publishers.

• Metting Jr. F. B. (1994) Algae and cyanobacteria. In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Microbiological and Chemical Properties, Vol. 5 (ed. R. W. Weaver et al.), pp. 427-458. Soil Science Society.

• Miller J. N., Brooks R. P., and Croonquist M. J. (1997) Effects of landscape patterns on biotic commnities. Landscape Ecology 12, 137-153.

• Moore J. C., de Ruiter P. C., and Hunt J. W. (1993) Influence of productivity on the stability of real and model ecosystems. Science 261, 906-908.

• Moorhead D. L., McKnight D. M., and Tate C. M. (1998) Modeling Nitrogen Transformations in Dry Valley Streams, Antarctica. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 141-151. American Geophysical Union.

• Moorhead D. and Priscu J. C. (1998) The McMurdo Dry Valley Ecosystem: Organization, Controls and Linkages. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 351-363. American Geophysical Union.

• Moorhead D. L., Wolf C. F., and Wharton Jr. R. A. (1997a) Impact of light regimes on productivity patterns of benthic microbial mats in an Antarctic lake: A modelling study. Limnology and Oceanography 42, 83-91.

• Moorhead D. L., Davis W. S., and Wharton Jr. R. A. (1997b) Carbon dynamics of aquatic microbial mats in the antarctic dry valleys: A modelling synthesis. In Ecosystem Processes in Antarctic Ice-Free Landscapes (ed. W. B. Lyons, C. Howard-Williams, and I. Hawes), pp. 181-196. Balkema Press.

• Moorhead D. L., Freckman D. W., Reynolds J. F., and Whitford W. G. (1987) A simulation model of a bacterial feeding nematode (Acrobeloides sp.) population dynamics. Pedobiologia 30, 361-372.

• Neale P. J. and Priscu J. C. (1998) Fluorescence quenching in phytoplankton of the McMurdo Dry Valley Lakes (Antarctica): Implications for the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 241-254. American Geophysical Union.

• Nelson D. W. and Sommers L. E. (1982) Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties (ed. A. L. Page), pp. 539-579. American Society of Agronomy.

• Neumann K., Lyons W. B., and Priscu J. C. (in review) CO2 Concentrations in Perenially Ice-Covered Antarctic Lakes of Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Limnology and Oceanography.

• Olsen S. R. and Sommers L. E. (1982) Phosphorus. In Methods of Soil Analysis Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties (ed. A. L. Page), pp. 403-430. American Society of Agronomy.

• Overhoff A., Freckman D. W., and Virginia R. A. (1993) Life cycle of the microbivorous Antarctic Dry Valley nematode Scottnema lindsayae (Timm 1971). Polar Biology 13, 151-156.

• Pastor J. and Bockheim J. G. (1980) Soil development on moraines of Taylor Glacier, lower Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Soil Science Society of America Journal 44, 341-348.

• Pickard J. (1986) Antarctic oasis: Terrestrial environments and history of the Vestfold Hills, 367 pp. Academic Press.

• Powers L. E., Freckman D. W., and Virginia R. A. (1995) Spatial distribution of nematodes in polar desert soils of Antarctica. Polar Biology 15, 325-333.

• Powers L. E., Ho M., Freckman D. W., and Virginia R. A. (in press) Distribution, community structure, and microhabitats of soil biota along an elevational gradient in Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Arctic and Alpine Research.

• Priscu J. C. (1995) Phytoplankton nutrient deficiency in lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Freshwater Biology 34, 215-227.

• Priscu J. C. (1997) The biogeochemistry of nitrous oxide in permanently ice-covered lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Global Change Biology 3, 301-315.

• Putt M. and Stoecker D. K. (1989) An experimentally determined carbon: volume ratio for marine 'oligotrichous' ciliates from estuarine and coastal waters. Limnology and Oceanography 34, 1097-1103.

• Reynolds J. F. and Tenhunen J. D. (1996) Landscape Function: Implications for Ecosystem Response to Disturbance, A Case Study in Arctic Tundra. Springer-Verlag.

• Robertson G. P. and Gross K. L. (1994) Assessing the heterogeneity of belowground resources: Quantifying pattern and scale. In Exploitation of Environmental Heterogeneity by Plants (ed. M. M. Caldwell and R. W. Pearcy), pp. 237-253. Academic Press.

• Runkel R. L., McKnight D. M., and Andrews E. D. (in press) A variable flow model of hyporheic interactions in Huey Creek, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. J. North Amer. Benthol. Soc.

• Schlesinger W. H., Reynolds J. F., Cunningham G. L., Huenneke L. F., Jarrell W. M., Virginia R. A., and Whitford W. G. (1990) Biological feedbacks in global desertification. Science 247, 1043-1048.

• Shaver G. R., Nadelhoffer K. H., and Giblin A. E. (1990) Biogeochemical diversity and element transport in a heterogeneous landscape, the north slope of Alaska. In Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology (ed. M. G. Turner and R. H. Gardner), pp. 102-125. Springer-Verlag.

• Solorzano L. and Sharp J. H. (1980) Determination of total dissolved phosphorus and particlute phosporus in natural waters. Limnology and Oceanography 25, 754-758.

• Spaulding S. A., McKnight D. M., Smith R. L., and Dufford R. (1994) Phytoplankton population dynamics in perennially ice-covered Lake Fryxell, Antarctica. Journal of Plankton Research 16(5), 527-541.

• Spaulding S. A., McKnight D. M., Stoermer E. F., and Doran P. T. (1997) Diatoms in sediments of perennially ice-covered Lake Hoare, and implications for interpreting lake history in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Journal of Paleolimnology 17, 403-420.

• Spigel R. H. and Priscu J. C. (1996) Evolution of temperature and salt structure of Lake Bonney, a chemically stratified Antarctic lake. Hydrobiologia 321, 177-190.

• Spigel R. H. and Priscu J. C. (1998) Physical limnology of the McMurdo Dry Valleys lakes. In Ecosystem Dynamics in a Polar Desert: The McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica (ed. J. C. Priscu), pp. 153-188. American Geophysical Union.

• Strickland J. D. H. and Parsons T. R. (1972) A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 167, 310 pp.

• Swanson F. J., Gregory S. V., Sedell J. R., and Campbell A. G. (1982) Land-water interactions: The riparian zone. In Analysis of coniferous forest ecosystems in the western United States, pp. 267-291. Hutchinson Press.

• Takacs C. D. and Priscu J. C. (in review) Bacterioplankton dynamics in the McMurdo Dry Valley lakes: Production and biomass loss over four seasons. Microbial Ecology.

• Timm R. W. (1971) Antarctic soil and freshwater nematodes from the McMurdo Sound region. Proceedings Helminth. Society of Washington 38, 42-52.

• Toxey J. K., Meese D. A., Welch K. A., and Lyons W. B. (1997) The measurement of reactive silica in saline-hypersaline lakes: examples of the problem. International Journal of Salt Lake Research 6, 1-7.

• Treonis A. M., Freckman D. W., and Virginia R. A. (1997) Water: Limiting factor for soil nematode communities in cold deserts? Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM.

• Turner M. G. and Gardner R. H. (1991) Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Springer.

• Turner M. G., Rommer W. H., Gardner R. H., O'Neill R. V., and Kratz T. K. (1993) A revised concept of landscape equilibrium: Disturbance and stability on scaled landscapes. Landscape Ecology 8(3), 213-227.

• Utermhl H. (1958) Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitteilungen Internationalen Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 9, 1-38.

• Van Veen J. A. and Paul E. A. (1979) Conversion of biovolume measurements of soil organisms, grown under various moisture tensions, to biomass and their nutrient content. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 37, 686-692.

• Vincent W. F. (1988) Microbial Ecosystems of Antarctica. Canbridge University Press. 304 pp.

• Vincent W. F. and Howard-Williams C. (1986) Antarctic stream ecosystems: physiological ecology of a blue-green algal epilithon. Freshwater Biology 16, 219-233.

• Virginia R. A. and Jarrell W. M. (1983) Soil properties in a mesquite-dominated Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Soil Science Society of America Journal 47, 138-144.

• Vogt K. A., Gordon J. C., Wargo J. P., Vogt D. J., Asbjornsen H., Palmetto P. A., Clark H. J., O'Hara J. L., Keaton W. S., Patel-Weynard T., and Witten E. (1997) Eco-systems: Balancing Science with Management. Springer. 470 pp.

• Von Guerard P., McKnight D. M., Harnish R. A., Gartner J. W., and Andrews E. D. (1995) Streamflow, water-temperature, and specific conductance data for selected streams draining into Lake Fryxell, lower Taylor Valley, Victoria Land, Antarctica, 1990-92. United States Geological Survey, Open-File Report 95-545.

• Warembourg F. R. and Kummerow J. (1991) Photosynthesis/translocation studies in terrestrial ecosystems. In Carbon Isotope Techniques (ed. D. C. Coleman and B. Fry), pp. 11-37. Academic Press.

• Webster J. R. and Meyer J. (1997) Stream organic matter budgets. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 16, 3-161.

• Welch K. A., Lyons W. B., Graham E., Neumann K., Thomas J. M., and Mikesell D. (1996) Determination of major element chemistry in terrestrial waters from Antarctica by ion chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 739, 257-263.

• Wharton Jr. R. A., Lyons W. B., and Des Marais D. J. (1993) Stable isotopic biogeochemistry of carbon and nitrogen in a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake. Chemical Geology 107, 159-172.

• Wharton Jr. R. A., Parker B. C., and Simmons G. M. (1983) Distribution, species composition, and morphology of algal mats in Antarctic dry valley lakes. Phycologia 22, 35-365.

• Wilch T. R., Lux D. R., Denton G. H., and McIntosh W. C. (1993) Minimal Pliocene-Pleistocene uplift of the dry valleys sector of the Transantarctic Mountains: A key parameter in ice-sheet reconcstructions. Geology 21, 841-844.

• Zimov S. A., Voropaev Y. V., Semiletov I. P., Davidov S. P., Prosiannikov S. F., Chapin III F. S., Chapin M. C., Trumbore S., and Tyler S. (1997) North Siberian lakes: A methane source fueled by Pleistocene carbon. Science 277, 800-802.